The River Rouge Manufacturing Complex. Essay Example For Students

The River Rouge Manufacturing Complex. Essay The first piece of material I gathered was a picture via the internet. Thispicture is of the River Rouge assembly plant in Dearborn, Michigan. Thispicture shows the manufacturing of the fender for a Ford Motor Company product. It also shows the facilities of the Rouge plant and how the plant it self wasstate of the art. This plant was the largest of its kind at the time of its construction. TheFord Motor Company at the time was one of the leaders in labor relations. Thispicture shows the size of the plant as well as the working conditions in thefacility. We will write a custom essay on The River Rouge Manufacturing Complex. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When viewing the photograph you can see the array of pipes and collectiondevices to aid in the circulation of air and the collection of dust and otherby products made in the plant. The next component I found is another picture of the interior of the Rougeplant. This picture is one of many conveyer belts in the plant. This belt ismoving engine parts from the engine assembly to the final assembly. Henry Fordwas a pioneer in the use of the assembly line in the automobile industry, andthe Rouge plant was the ultimate in that use of the assembly line. This photoshows the depth of the plant, being able to manufacture all components of thecars without having to ship parts to or from other locations in the country. The next collection of photographs is of the exterior of the Rouge plant. These photos were obtained from the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. These pictures are of the Rouge during the switch of all production, from theHighland Park plant, to the Rouge. It was also the time that the Model A wasbeginning production. This collection shows examples of four exterior views of the plant, allude tothe many different factories within the Rouge plant. The Rouge was a steelmill, a foundry, a power producer and, an assembly line. This all encompassingidea helped ford relegate all aspects of the production of their product. Along with the exterior, the interior showed the extent of the all encompassingRouge plant. The interior photographs, which were also care of the Henry FordMuseum, show more factories within the factory. For example, the four photosin this collection display metal forming, and metallurgical operations. Thesepictures included forging, the blast furnaces, removal of slag and, evensalvaging scrap from metal ships. The interior had two collections to view and the second reaffirmed what thefirst portrayed. The second collection displays more metal working productionincluding the hydraulic shear, which was used for sheet metal, the open hearthladle and the hearth building. These photos gave an impressive direction ofthe inner workings of the Rouge plant. As said before the Rouge was the largest manufacturing complex in the nationwhen it was built. An aerial photograph of the plant reaffirms that fact. Thephoto was taken in 1930 and you can see by the photo the plant is veryimpressive. The caption that accompanies the picture gives an actual figure ofthe Rouges square footage, the total is 6,952,484 square feet. Before the Rouge plant Fords main manufacturing plant was Highland Park. TheRouge and Highland Park were similar in the way of utilizing the assembly lineto produce the Ford product. Many collections of photos were found of theassembly line at Highland. One collection shows the final mating of the modelT, which is similar to the final mating of the model A . Also the one dayproduction of the Highland Park plant, which was dwarfed by the Rouge one dayproduction total. .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .postImageUrl , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:hover , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:visited , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:active { border:0!important; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:active , .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87023e3b53be77961d39dbf51aed5d5a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Knowledge Essay SummaryThe next collection of Highland Park photos displays the typical procedures ininstalling components to the automobile. Each of the four pictures shows theinstallation to the car. From the engine to the tires the same principles thatwere used at Highland Park were used at the Rouge plant. The final piece of material that was compiled through the search of theInternet and other sources was the National Historic Landmark of Michigan webpage. This page has a link to an informational page on the Rouge plant. Theplant is listed as a national landmark since 1978 and a Michigan landmark since1976. Also listed on the site is the date the property was bought by HenryFord and, the date all production was shifted from Highland Park to the Rougecomplex. A significant statement is given about the Rouge on the marvel of itscreation and the full integration of all aspects of automobile manufacturing toachieve vertical integration and self sufficiency. In conclusion the River Rouge manufacturing complex in Dearborn, Michigan wasand is one of the great marvels of the early twentieth century. Henry Ford wasthe man who introduced the assembly line to the automobile industry and theRouge was his crowning achievement. The major Internet sites used for thiscompilation was the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village home page athttp://wwwhfmgv.org and, the National Historic Landmark in Michigan home pageat http://www.sos.state.mi.us/history/preserve/phisite/riverrou.html.

The Witches Cove essays

The Witches Cove essays It was a dark, foggy night. Nothing was stirring, not even a bat. As I walked down the dark street to my friends house, I saw the old broken-down, tattered Nelson mansion. As I passed the spooky old house, it seemed like a silence fell over the little town of Hallowville. A bone-chilling wave of cold passed through me as I noticed there was a single light burning in the attic of the abandoned house. As my eyes were glued to the glowing attic window, a dark figure passed by the dirty, cracked window. I shivered and begain to walk faster. Suddenly, a ghose-like figure jumped from the bushes and clamped an icy hand over my trembling mouth. The deformed figure roughly began dragging my body, paralyzed with fear, through the wet grass and mud towards the old house. When we reached the front porch, the old wooden stairs squeaked under us and I detected a bitter stench coming from beneath the broken planks of wood. As the front door was pushed open, it creaked on the rusty hinges and I immediately heard moaning voices coming from inside. As my limp body was dragged down a hallway, a musty smell seeped into my nostrils. Suddenly I was dropped on the floor and found myself alone in the dark. I cautiously got to my feet, tested out my wobbling legs and started to inch down the long, dark passage. Suddenly a screeching creature appeared in the air from nowhere, wrapped itself around my face and bared its sharp fangs at my terrified eyes. I threw it off and ran blindly down the corridor. In the darkness, I did not see the wall that I plunged into face first. As I leaned against the wall, it began to turn, taking me with it into the darkness. A chilly breeze passed over me and I shivered in the cold. As my eyes adapted to the darkness, I could see a white figure in the corner of the room. I slowly inched my way towards it. Suddenly the white figure lunged towards me, with its m ...

Change the U.S. into a utopia what changes would you make and why Essay

Change the U.S. into a utopia what changes would you make and why - Essay Example Since USA plays central role in world politics and is the center of international trade and economy, utopian USA should be free from racial or religious discriminations. Educating youth is the best step that can be taken to make USA a utopian state. The awareness and standard of education will have to be raised as violence and drug abuse have been increasing among the students at an alarming rate. The post 9/11 USA has become a far fetched reality than what its founding father's wanted it to be. The event was a turning point in the American foreign policy. The enforcement of the ‘Patriot Act’ held deep impacts on the civil liberties of common Americans, especially the ones belonging to ethnic and religious minorities. Racial targeting became common and people had to change or 'blend in' in order to be not picked upon. It is critical enough for US to come close to being a perfect nation as it consists of almost whole of North America. The State department though, has made significant measures to bridge the gap, by promoting cultural exchange programs across the US, by encouraging American families to host foreign students mainly from the Middle East so as to remove the stereotypes from both sides and paint a different picture altogether.

Women psy final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women psy final project - Essay Example This reflects the low self-esteem most women suffer from. The book discusses ten pitfalls of women and how these â€Å"stupid† behaviors may be detrimental to their self-concept and gravely influence their perspectives in their lives. These are: attachment to a relationship no matter how bad it is, courtship and dating issues, devotion to a man despite maltreatment, passion or sex-too-soon, cohabitation or living together without the security of marriage, unfulfilled expectations, conceiving babies in order to keep a relationship with a man, subjugation to the point of tolerating a man to hurt a woman’s child, helplessness or the perception that one has no alternatives and lastly, granting forgiveness too easily to men who have wronged them. Women seem to base their identities on their men, and focus all their energies on keeping them. Usually, a man is desperately clung to, as if he is the source of her breath. Having a man won’t heal her hurts, resolve all her self-doubts and protect her from life’s challenges. Dr. Laura reminds women that it is their responsibility to become fully realized as a person by having dreams, a purpose, building their identity, so they take a more active role in the quality of their lives. Only then can other people – friends, spouses, children – share in their growth rather than become responsible for it. Nowadays, it is the women who seem to pine for men to select them instead of the other way around. Sometimes, a woman may be too intent on making a man want her that she does not even consider if she really wants him in the first place. Men â€Å"are often burdened with the task of being the source of affirmation and approval for the woman’s young, uncertain, developing or even somewhat damaged self-esteem.† (p. 36). Sometimes, it gets draining on the part of men since they are also

Feasibility Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility Analysis - Research Paper Example This paper includes critical and impartial look of the Good Addict venture through feasibility analysis study. Product/ Service Feasibility Analysis Product/ service feasibility analysis involves an assessment of the general appeal of the product or service that is proposed. It is necessary to ensure that a product offered actually satisfies the customer’s wants and that it serves as what the customers want. Product/ service desirability as well as product/ service demand. Green Addict services make a lot of sense and are very reasonable. Currently there have been a number of diseases and disorders that can be attributed to the food people eat. Most would want to maintain a healthy body and this does not come easily (â€Å"Report Linker† Web). Many restaurants do not pay attention to the need for organic food thus limiting options for retailers of choosing green organic food while relaxing in an environmentally friendly place. A number of people would definitely desire to enjoy life longevity and minimize their medical expenses. Green Addict offers exactly what the customers want. Their product and services are unique and appealing to a large number of people who are health conscious. It is apparent that the consumers will get excited when they are served organic food in a cool and environment friendly restaurant (Nusra Web). Green Addict takes advantage of an environmental trend of global warming and the publicity of environmental issues. Most people are aware of the dangers of genetically modified food and the carbon production. It is apparent that even small children are aware of the going green concern because of media publicity (â€Å"University of Minnesota† Web). Green Addict idea of using recycled materials is vital in the eye of the public who are already trying in their own level to reduce carbon emission. Green Addict therefore feels the environmental gap that is currently experienced in the market place. The introduction of serv ices by Green Addict is timely because it comes at a time when almost everyone around the world is worried about global warming. Green Addict will be offering services that many consumers would want to buy because of the consciousness of saving environment and staying healthy. Everyone asked about the importance of organic food will definitely give a positive response. Offering organic meals and a completely healthy environmentally friendly experience will therefore lead to a competitive edge in the market thus increasing the chances of the business idea to be successful. Customers that are health and environmental conservation conscious will even be willing to pay higher because of their understanding of the quality of services offered (Nusra Web). The product design and services offered at Green Addict may have a challenge of obtaining raw material as well as other organic supplies because they are very limited and extremely expensive. Offering organic foodstuffs is very costly an d the customers may not be willing to pay the higher cost of services. It is also likely that Green Addict may incorporate a few ingredients, which are not organic such as cheaper cooking oil that may contain food additive and chemicals that may turn away the consumers. Maintaining a purely green and organic product may therefore not easy to maintain unless the customers targeted are willing and able to pay for the higher costs associated with the product and services. Industry/ Target Market Feasibility Analysis It

The Purpose Of Metro Rail

The Purpose Of Metro Rail The purpose of this report is to determine how managers at MetroRail can achieve ecologically sustainable management values and practices utilising planning and controlling methods, while running and maintaining a metropolitan rail network. 1.2 Scope This report will analyse initiatives higher level management at MetroRail can consider in order to achieve ecologically sustainable management, due to investment in new rolling stock and expansion of rail network. The report will look at strategies MetroRail can adopt to run an environmentally friendly transport service with minimal carbon footprint. 1.3 Methodology The information used in this report will use ecological sustainable management values and practices. To facilitate these value and practices, the use of tools such as management planning and organising will be used by MetroRail. 1.4 Assumption It is assumed that MetroRails environmental vision has been promoted to all employees. The policy statement is to establish MetroRails environmental commitments and provides the basis for setting our environmental objectives and targets. This policy will pursue policies that protect the global and local environment and those that are consistent with principles of ecologically sustainable development. 1.5 Limitations This report is limited by its focus on planning and controlling of ecological sustainable management values and practices to satisfy this reports requirements. In addition, only key elements within planning and control have been addressed. Organisational and leadership functions are also represented within MetroRail, however these will not be included in this report. 1.6 Background MetroRail is a state run corporation in the state of Queensland, providing passenger rail services covering suburban Brisbane and extending to south western, western, central west and northern regions of Queensland. MetroRail plans to expand its network as part of the Federal Government Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan, with further investment in new rolling stock to cater for the growing demand for clean, reliable, passenger rail services. 1.7 Plan This report will first discuss the importance of ecologically sustainable management values and practices before discussing planning and controlling methods utilised to achieve their nominated functions. Several practical and theoretical concepts will be outlined to management on different proposals to be taken. A summary of recommendations and justification will be presented at the conclusion of this report. 2. Discussion 2.1 Importance of Ecologically Sustainable Management Values and Practices The introduction of new rolling stock and expansion of rail network raises the need for MetroRail to recognise the growing need for more ecologically sustainable management practices, Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2009). As a result, both state and federal Government have required MetroRail to review its environmental policies and strategies to be eligible for grant funding. Sustainability has become an important value in many corporate cultures, however implementing this concept has been very challenging (Esquer-Peralta, Velazquez and Munguia, 2008). This could be due to sustainability having various meanings according to the interest, needs, and values of different societies. 2.2 Planning Planning is an approach to establishing the long-term future of an organisation and then moving that organisation in an appropriate direction to achieve the future. (Bell, 2002). Through planning a strategy can be developed on the concerns about organisations impact on the natural environment (Robbins et al., p.175). By clearly outlining the ecological sustainable management values of the organisation it can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the company by providing focus and direction (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). 2.2.1 Goals Goals are specific, measurable outcomes that you want to achieve in the next week, month, year, and five years (Chang, 2005). As MetroRail is a government corporation, its goals are set by the state and federal governments. However as governments can change during election periods, MetroRail must be able to set its own goals. These goals must be measurable, an example of a rail company setting goals is CityRail in New South Wales of Australia. The 2009 Customer Charter outlines their specific goals for improving customer service over the next three years, coupled with tangible actions that will directly benefit customers over the next 12 months (CityRail, 2009). Within planning there are two major types of planning that affects a company. Strategic planning is a process of deciding in advance what kind of planning effort is to be undertaken, when it is to be done, who is going to do it, and what will be done with the results (Frank Harrison, 1999). Top level managers such as Chief Engineers, Chief Technology officer and the Department of Transport are usually involved in strategic planning for the corporation. Operation planning is the other type of planning. Manager at both middle and lower levels perform operation planning in order to define the specific tactics and action steps needed to accomplish the goals specified by top management (Morrisey, 1996). Management at MetroRail needs to set clear goals in regards as to how they will expand their current rolling stock, network, and maintaining its existing infrastructure. These goals need to be strategically planned along with operation planning to achieve realistic targets. An example of such goals is to ensure all future rolling stock does not consume more electricity than current rolling stock while featuring extra security features. One way to achieve such a goal is to ensure all new rolling stock is equipped with regenerative braking. This will ensure less wear and tear on brakes as well as less power consumption. 2.2.2 Strategy Strategic planning brings about an integrated perspective of the company, a foresight of the companys direction that is built upon experience and hard data from research (Schmetterer, 2003). Collecting these ideas as building blocks is instrumental to the development of strategic plans. Mintzberg (1994) insightfully said, The big picture is painted with little strokes. There are a number of tools to formulate an effective strategy. Research can be used to see how other companies go about tackling their ecological sustainable management practices. However research in the organisation itself is vital to understand if its current policies and missions are adhered to. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis helps identify where MetroRail is performing well in its environmental policies and where improvements need to be targeted at. Upon completion of a SWOT analysis, the three key points, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat must be carefully taken into account when setting up ecological management values and practices. A strategy on how to lower MetroRails carbon footprint must be developed with industry and community consultation. Management must set boundaries on available resources, such as human resources, budget and facilities before a strategy can be formalised. If MetroRail does not have the necessary resources to initiate environmentally friendly initiatives, it must find ways to implement the strategy with its limited resources. If it cannot allocate the resources to the initiatives, it may need to reduces its goals or form an alliance with key industry partners to get the resource it requires. A key strategy for MetroRail in ecologically sustainable management practices is to ensure the procurement of all equipment, services and resources have the environment in mind. An example would be to purchase a portion of energy to come from renewable sources. MetroRail is committed to becoming a carbon neutral company through policies the management sets. MetroRails environmental policy needs to be filtered through the company to ensure all employees continuously strive to improve its environmental performance. Many of the key strategies are developed by full time planners who would develop business strategies. Mintzberg (1994) points out, one of the key weaknesses of this approach was that the strategic planners, while being superior analysts of hard business data, were outsiders of various business functions. As such, many plans devised by these strategists were poor. In order to create the most effective strategic planning strategies, each specific business or activities is to be planned by those involved with the particular business and activities. Higher level management should only initiate policies and ideas. This paradigm shifts the decisions downwards to lower level persons who have direct knowledge and in-depth understanding of the subject matter at hand (Barney, 2002). 2.2.3 Plans Setting realistic plans is the next important activity once a strategy has been formulated. Planning is the process of establishing specific objectives, action steps, and a schedule and budget related to a predetermined program, task, or project (Kerzner, 2003). Planning helps to focus on critical areas that need attention and action. Short term plan needs must balance with long term plans. Different types of plans are needed to meet each specific department, as they require different methods to reach their goals. The strategic plans will be created by higher level management, while operational plans will be formulated by individual divisions. As MetroRail is a state government corporation, it is bounded by the governments vision. Higher level management at MetroRail will formulate the strategic plan for the whole organisation on how best to minimise environmental impacts. This is usually released as an organisation policy on the environment. An example of strategic planning, is all future rolling stocks must feature regenerative braking to minimise energy use. More specific operational strategic plans will stem from each division. These ecological sustainable management practices and values will flow into divisional employees to guide them and follow. Operational plans include, how to minimise energy with moving empty rolling stock between stations and stabling yards. These plans will be long term as they are on-going issues and are performed repeatedly. Both strategic and operational planning are important, because the success of MetroRail in its ecological sustainable management depends on creating new paths to the future as well as implementing short term operational plans (Noy, 2001). 2.3 Control The function of control process is taking a systematic approach to figuring out if what has been planned is has achieved or not (McNamara, 2008). This process occurs after the planning process. This allows managers to make decisions on whether to modify the plan as required. 2.3.1 Approaches to Control Setting standards specifies criterias by which work and results are measured and evaluated (Chang, 2005). Standards provide guidelines for measuring performance of ecological sustainable management practices. In order to make comparison on how well MetroRail is being measured on its ecological management practices, it will be benchmarked on technical, planning, perception against other corporations. Many of the high level controls put in places come from the strategic planning stage. These need to be measured to show the public and government MetroRail is committed to reducing its environmental foot print. Benchmarking, however has limitations, such as data not been available, and in such cases, estimates must be made. Managers may use techniques to study samples, ratings, data collection to measure the performance of the organisation (Dhillon, 1987). To evaluate performance is to evaluate work in progress, assess job completed and provide feedback. Example would be to control the roll out of new maintenance of pneumatic pressure gauges. This needs to be benchmarked to the old maintenance scheme to assess if the new system lowers leaks from the system, thus reducing waste on compressing air. To exercise control, manager can perform inspections, review progress and define and add variation to plans. Managers exercise control over projects when serving as project leaders (Katz, Light and Thompson, 2003). The main driving forces for the implementation of controls such as Environmental Management System and ISO 140001 in industry are to satisfy customer requirements, to ensure legal compliance, to improve risk management, to improve public image, and in a systematic way utilise the potential to save money and natural resource (Sammalisto and Arvidsson, 2005). 2.3.2 Types of Control There are three types of controls used by mangers, Robbins et al. (2009). The first is feedforward control. The essential feature of a feedback system is that performance is compared to a standard and this comparison becomes the basis for corrective action (Tadepalli, 1991). MetroRail must use feedforward control as much as possible. This comes mostly from the planning process, such as utilising the Environmental Management Plan. The second type of control is called concurrent control. Concurrent control involves monitoring and adjusting ongoing activities, Erdogan, Bauer, and Carpenter (2009). The best way to for managers to continuously monitor and adjust activities is to manage by walk about (MBWA). The final type of control is called feedback control. Feedback control provides managers with information concerning outcomes from organisational activities, Enz (2009). With feedback control, managers measure performance against targets set during planning. An example of feedback control is measuring the power consumption of the new trains to technical plans provided during the planning phase. 2.4 Conclusion Planning and controlling are essential tools in ecological sustainable management values and practices. Planning allows managers to forecast and to regulate plans for sustainable management. Planning to procuring new trains with regenerative braking and effective and efficient movement of trains between stations and stabling yards are sustainable solutions. Proper planning ensures the strategy and goals developed can be achieved. Control process is followed by the planning process. This link ensures plans are controlled to reach their set goals. Control ensures MetroRail is complying with applicable environmental legislation and regulations, and addresses government policy. In summary, planning and control process ensure MetroRail aims to achieve ecological sustainable management values and practices. 3. Recommendations Implement mandatory training on ecological sustainable management values for all employees. Provide an audit and review framework to achieve continual improvement in ecological sustainable management. Establish objectives, targets and key performance indicators to monitor environmental performance and drive improvement. Comply with applicable environmental legislation and regulations, and address government policy. Minimise use of natural resources. Adhere to the principles of ecologically sustainable development. Procurement policy to consider ecological sustainability practices and values. Word Count: 2488

History of Marriage Law Essay -- Essays Papers

History of Marriage Law While abortion law is a lot more straightforward and the patterns are obvious, marriage law in the United States is a bit more complicated. -English common law, and early American law, before the 1820's treated marriages like business mergers. The fathers paid dowries and often arranged marriages for their daughters. In the early 1800's fathers could contract their daughters to marriage as early as age 12 and there was no consent on her part. Boys had to be 14 before they could enter into a marriage contract. -The age at which a woman could enter into marriage in the mid-nineteenth century varied widely from state to state, and therefore a timeline of laws is very difficult to accomplish. -Throughout the 19th century and the early 20th century the age at which women could legally marry rose slowly to anywhere from 16-18 years of age by the mid 20th century. -States differed widely on what rights women had in a marriage. Until 1873 women had absolutely no claim to custody of their children unless proof of abuse of the children was offered and corroborated. -This is about the time that women began to get property rights as well in some states. The responsibilities that came with these rights, however, were huge and not all states were universal in their protection of a woman's property. If a woman did own anything, she had the legal obligation to use it to support completely any illegitimate children, all of her children from her marriage, her husband, her grandchildren, and her parents. So if any of these people asked her to support them she could not legally refuse. -Coming into World War I women could not divorce a husband for adultery, even though he could divorce his wife for the ... ...d so much about the decision, about the issue, and about the legality that reproductive choice makes even more sense to me now than it did originally. I recommend that anyone very interested in the issue of choice read the decision and look into the Griswold case and the issue of Right to Privacy. Bibliography "About.com Women's History: Comstock Law." Available online at www.about.com. "About.com Women's History: Man and Wife" available online at www.about.com Blackmun, Supreme Court Justice. Majority Decision in the Case of Roe v. Wade. Delivered January 22, 1973. "Brief History of the Emergence of the Crime of Rape" available online at Hansel.mnstate.edu/classes/CJ400/Monograph/Oldlaw21.html "History of Marriage" available online at www.2-in-2-1 co.uk/university/brhistory/index2.html Schwartz, Bernard. A History of the Supreme Court. 1993.